It is a criminal offense to unlawfully restrain or falsely imprison a person. Laws vary from state to state, but the elements of false imprisonment are generally (1) willful detention; (2) without consent; and (3) without authority of law. The definitions and punishment for the criminal offense of unlawful restraint or false imprisonment are usually located in a state’s statutes. In many states there may also be civil liability for money damages in a lawsuit for the tort of false imprisonment.
The willful detention required for false imprisonment may result from acts or words with the intention to confine the plaintiff and prevent her from exercising her free will to leave. A person may be restrained without her consent by force, intimidation, or deception. Where it is alleged that a detention is effected by a threat, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the threat was such as would inspire in the threatened person a just fear of injury to her person, reputation, or property. But if a plaintiff voluntarily complies with a request to remain and establish his innocence, there is no cause of action for false imprisonment.
And if an arrest or detention is based on an arrest warrant or subpoena, the arrest or detention is presumed to have been made with legal authority. When the plaintiff is arrested or detained without a warrant, there is no presumption it was done with legal authority, and the defendant must prove there was legal authority.
But when the plaintiff is not arrested and is merely detained, there are some privileges that may apply and prevent the defendant from being liable for detaining the plaintiff:
• shopkeeper’s privilege—This privilege permits a shopkeeper to detain a person to investigate the ownership of property if the shopkeeper reasonably believes that the person has stolen or is attempting to steal store merchandise so long as the detention is in a reasonable manner and for a reasonable period of time.
• officer’s privilege—Under an exception to the warrant requirement, an officer is generally justified in briefly detaining an individual on less than probable cause for the purposes of investigating possibly-criminal behavior where the officer can point to specific and articulable facts, which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion. The information provoking the officer's suspicions need not be based on his own personal observations, and may be based on an informant's tip which bears sufficient indicia of reliability to justify a stop. The same standards will apply whether the person detained is a pedestrian or is the occupant of an automobile.
• employer’s privilege—Employers act within their legal rights in investigating reasonably credible allegations of dishonesty of their employees.
Liability for false imprisonment may extend beyond those who willfully participate in detaining the complaining party to those who request or direct the detention. The first element of false imprisonment may be satisfied by conduct that is intended to cause someone to be detained, and in fact causes the detention—even when the actor does not participate in the detention. This is sometimes referred to as instigation of the false imprisonment.
When the alleged detention results from an unlawful arrest, to prove instigation a plaintiff must show that the defendant clearly directed or requested the arrest. As explained in the Restatement (Second) of Torts §45A cmt. c, "[i]n the case of an arrest, [instigation] is the equivalent, in words or conduct, of ‘Officer, arrest that man!’” To hold a third party liable for instigating the detention, then, the act of arrest must be made by the officer, not of his own volition, but to carry out the request of the defendant.
A private citizen who merely reports a crime and identifies the suspect to law enforcement authorities has not requested or directed the suspect's arrest and will not be liable for ins,tigating a subsequent false imprisonme,nt. A citizen has a clear legal right to report criminal misconduct to authorities, and from the mere exercise of this right the law will not permit the inference to be drawn that he `requested or directed' the arrest, though it be conceded that but for its exercise the arrest would never have been made. This is true even when the reporting party mistakenly identifies the wrong person.
And it is not enough for instigation that the informant has given information to the police about the commission of a crime, or has accused the other of committing it, so long as he leaves the decision to the police as to what shall be done about any arrest, without persuading or influencing them. But a defendant may be liable for instigating an unlawful arrest if he knowingly provides false information to law enforcement authorities resulting in the arrest.
In Texas, unlawful restraint or false imprisonment is recognized as a criminal offense under Texas Penal Code Section 20.02. This statute defines unlawful restraint as intentionally or knowingly restraining another person without their consent and without legal authority to do so. The restraint can be through force, intimidation, or deception. However, if an individual remains in a situation voluntarily, for instance, to prove their innocence, it does not constitute false imprisonment. Arrests made with a valid warrant are generally presumed to be lawful, whereas warrantless arrests must be justified by legal authority, such as probable cause. Texas law also acknowledges certain privileges that may protect individuals from liability for detention, including the shopkeeper's privilege for detaining suspected shoplifters, the officer's privilege for law enforcement actions, and the employer's privilege under specific circumstances. Individuals who cause or contribute to the false imprisonment of another, especially by directing or requesting an arrest, may be held liable. Nonetheless, merely reporting a crime or identifying a suspect does not amount to instigation unless it involves providing false information to law enforcement that leads to an arrest. In such cases, the person providing false information may be liable for instigating false imprisonment. Additionally, victims of false imprisonment may pursue civil lawsuits for damages resulting from the unlawful detention.
